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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS 5. Enable the MenuModifier property by selecting it. The new shortcut is immediately displayed just to the right of the menu item, as Figure 4-17 shows. Figure 4-17. Assigning a shortcut to a menu item, as shown on Linux REALbasic provides additional options for specifying more complex forms of shortcuts. For example, you might want to set up a shortcut that is accessed as Ctrl+Shift+A (on Windows and Linux) or Command+Shift+A (on Macintosh). To set up this type of shortcut, you must specify a value for the Key property, and then enable both the MenuModifier and Alternate- MenuModifier properties. If you are developing applications only for Windows or Linux, you also have the option of enabling the PCAltKey property, which requires the Alt key also be pressed to access a shortcut. For example, to set up a shortcut on Windows or Linux as Ctrl+Alt+H, you need to specify H has the value of the Key property and enable both the MenuModifier and PCAltKey properties. REALbasic also provides two Macintosh-only modifier keys, which you can use to create additional shortcut variations on those OSs. For starters, when you select the MacControlKey property, it requires you to hold down Control in addition to any other specified keys. And, when you enable the MacOptionKey, it requires you also to press Option. Defining Accelerator Keys on Windows and Linux Menus Another important menu system feature to implement when you are developing applications for Windows and Linux is accelerator keys. Accelerator keys provide you with the capability to activate menus and menu items using only the keyboard. A menu or menu item s accelerator key is activated by pressing the Alt key, and then pressing the appropriate key.
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120 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Tip REALbasic automatically inserts separator bars just beneath the currently selected menu item. If, after adding the separator bar, you decide it needs to be moved to a different location within the menu, you can do so by selecting the separator bar, and then dragging-and-dropping it at the appropriate spot. Setting Up Shortcut Keys Shortcuts are designed to provide users with easy access to menu item functionality via the keyboard. For example, in most Macintosh applications, users can save their work by pressing Command+S. Likewise, users can save their work on Windows and Linux applications by pressing Ctrl+S. While not required, most users today have become savvy enough to look for and expect to find application shortcuts, so it is important that you provide them. Otherwise, you run the risk of disappointing your users and, perhaps, making them think your applications are not yet ready for prime time. Fortunately, REALbasic makes the process of assigning shortcuts to your menu items a snap. Given how easy defining shortcuts is, it is important that you add them to your applications to make your applications look as professional as possible. To specify shortcuts, you need to modify the following properties for each menu or menu items: Key. A single letter pressed in conjunction with a modifier keys to trigger a menu event handler. MenuModifier. When enabled, the user must press and hold Control on Windows (or Command on Macintosh) in conjunction with the specified key to trigger the menu s event handler. Note Macintosh, Windows, and Linux all begin looking for shortcuts starting with the left-most menu. Therefore, if you assign the same shortcut to a menu item located on two separate menus, only the first instance (the left-most instance) will work as expected. For example, the following procedure demonstrates how to assign a shortcut of Command+I or Ctrl+I to a menu item named Properties on a File menu. 1. Finish building the menu system for your REALbasic application. 2. Select the File menu to expand and see its contents. 3. Select the Properties menu item. 4. Specify I as the value of the Properties menu item s Key property.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Using Separator Bars to Organize Menu Items To make your application s menu system easier and more intuitive to work with, make sure to group menu items and submenus together in a logical manner. For example, on the File menu of most Windows and Linux applications, the customary presentation is to have menu items related to creating, opening, or closing documents first, followed by menu items for saving or printing. The last menu item should be an Exit or Quit option. Once you organize your menu items into related groups, visually separating these groups by inserting a horizontal separator bar in between them is often helpful. The following procedures outlines the steps required to insert a separator bar in between your menu items. 1. Finish building the menu system for your REALbasic application, making sure your group-related menu items are together in a logical order. 2. Select a menu where you want to insert a separator bar. 3. Click the menu item, and then insert the separator bar. 4. Click the Add Separator button located in the Menu Editor s toolbar or click Project . Add . Separator. The separator bar is immediately visible, as Figure 4-16 shows. Figure 4-16. Visually improving the organization of menu items using separator bars 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to add additional separator bars to other menus, as needed.
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118 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Figure 4-15. Previewing the Windows version of an application s menu system Enhancing Menu Systems Building effective application menu systems is more than simply creating menus, menu items, and submenus. To meet user expectations and to provide a fully functional menu system, you also need to think about other menu system features. For example, as you add more and more functionality to your application s menus, they can grow considerably. You can add separator bars in between groups of related menu items to visually group them and make your menu systems more intuitive. You might also want to consider providing your users with the capability to access the menu system or to execute menu item functionality directly from the keyword, instead of limiting menu access strictly to the mouse. Options for providing menu-item access to the keyboard include the following: Shortcuts. Provide users with the capability to access a menu item’s functionality directly from the keyboard by pressing keystrokes associated with each menu item. Accelerator Keys. Provides Windows and Linux users with the capability to access menus, menu items, and submenus directly from the keyboard by pressing the Alt key and a designated accelerator key. Keyboard Equivalents. Provides Windows XP users with the capability to execute menu-item functionality directly from the keyboard by pressing a predefined combination of keys.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Previewing Your REALbasic Menus When you design and create a menu system for REALbasic applications, which you plan on compiling for multiple operating systems (OSs), visualizing exactly how the menu system you develop will look when executed on other OSs can be difficult. Obviously, you can stop midway through the development process and compile a temporary copy of your new application to test it on target OSs to see how your menu system will look. Fortunately, REALbasic negates this process by providing you with the capability to get a sneak peek at how your menu system will look. This functionality is provided by four buttons located on the far left-hand side of the Menu Editor toolbar, as shown in Figure 4-14. Figure 4-14. You can preview the appearance of your REALbasic menu system for any supported OS from within the Menu Editor. By clicking one of these buttons, you can see how your menu system will look on different OSs. For example, Figure 4-15 shows a preview of how a menu system will look on Windows, even though the application is currently being developed on Linux.
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116 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS USE SUBMENUS PRUDENTLY Submenus are a useful organizational tool, which you can use to significantly improve the overall organization of your applications. In fact, you can even add submenus to your submenus to further organize how your menu items are organized and presented. However, submenus also have a downside, especially for inexperienced users. While intermediate to advanced users should not have problems working with them, less-experienced users may not realize that additional functionality has been tucked away in submenus. Depending on the target audience for your applications, you may either want to reorganize menu items by creating additional menus under which to store them or you may decide to create a menu item that displays a new window in place of a submenu. You could then customize the new window by adding whatever controls are necessary to enable the user to select the appropriate command. Once you create a submenu, you can add menu items to it by following the steps outlined in the next procedure. 1. Select the submenu to which you want to add menu items. 2. Click the Add Menu Item button or select Project . Add . Menu Item. REALbasic will respond by adding a new menu item under the selected submenu. 3. Give the new menu item a name by selecting it and then modifying the value of its Name property. The name assigned will be the name you have to use when you programmatically refer to the menu from within your program code. 4. Assign the text you want displayed on the menu item by changing the value assigned to the Text property. 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to add as many additional menu items as necessary to the submenu. Note You can also add a new submenu directly to a menu by clicking the Add Submenu button located on the Menu Editor toolbar.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Creating a Submenu If you find your menus are becoming too crowded with menu items, you may want to improve how things are organized by grouping together related menu items and making them accessible through a submenu. A submenu is a menu item that displays a list of menu items when it s clicked. The following procedure outlines the steps involved in adding a new submenu to a menu by converting an existing menu item to a submenu. 1. Double-click the menu bar item in the Project Editor where you want to define the submenu. REALbasic responds by opening the menu bar in the REALbasic Menu Editor. 2. Select the menu item to be turned into a submenu. 3. Enable the menu item s Submenu property by selecting it in the Property pane. REALbasic responds by displaying an indicator to the right of the menu item to identify it as a submenu, as Figure 4-13 shows. Figure 4-13. Submenus provide the capability to reduce the size of menus by organizing and temporarily hiding the display of menu items.
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114 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS 5. Assign the text to be displayed on the menu item by modifying the value of the Text property in the Property pane. Figure 4-12 shows how the new menu will look once its properties have been modified. Figure 4-12. Viewing the modified menu item, as shown on Linux 6. If desired, modify the Bold, Italic, or Underline properties for the menu items by enabling the corresponding properties in the Property pane. Repeat this procedure as many times as necessary to add an additional menu item to the selected menu. Once you finish adding menu items, you are ready to set them up to execute program code, as explained in the section Using Menu Items to Trigger Command and Code Execution. Note REALbasic also provides you with the capability to populate a menu with a list of menu items using menu item arrays. Information on how to use arrays is available in Chapter 5.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Too many controls make your applications seem cluttered and difficult to work with. Instead, you will probably want to organize and group related commands together, and display them as menu items located under the menus on your application s menu bars. The following procedure outlines the steps involved in adding new menu items to your menus. 1. Double-click the menu bar in the Project Editor whose menus you want to modify. REALbasic responds by opening the menu bar in the REALbasic Menu Editor. Select the menu to be modified. 2. Click the Add Menu Item button located on the Menu Editor toolbar or click Project . Add . Menu Item. REALbasic responds by adding a new menu item to the selected menu, as Figure 4-11 shows. Figure 4-11. A newly added menu item, as shown on Linux 3. If necessary, click the new menu item and drag, and then drop it to the desired position on the menu. 4. Assign a name to the new menu item by selecting it, and then modifying the value of its Name property in the Property pane. The name you assign to the new menu item is the name you use when you programmatically refer to the menu from within your program code.
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112 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS 5. Assign the text to be displayed on the menu by modifying the value of the Text property in the Property pane. Figure 4-10 shows how the new menu will look once its properties have been modified. Figure 4-10. Viewing the modified menu, as shown on Linux Repeat this procedure as many times as necessary to add additional menus to the menu bar. Once you finish adding menus, you are ready to customize them by adding menu items and submenus. Tip It s important for you to be consistent when assigning text to menus, submenus, and menu items. Always make sure you capitalize the first letter of each word that makes up your menu, submenu, and menu item text properties. Adding Menu Items To make your applications useful, you need to provide users with access to application commands. One way to do this is by adding PushButtons and other types of controls to your application windows. If your application provides access to many commands, you may find not enough room is available on your application window to comfortably display a control representing each available command.
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