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138 CHAPTER 5 STORING AND RETRIEVING APPLICATION DATA Figure 5-2. Embedding comments into Property declarations, as shown on Linux. Information on classes and modules is provided in Chapter 8. Storing and Retrieving Data Like other programming languages, REALbasic provides the capability to store and retrieve data in memory while applications are running. Data is the information applications collect, process, and store when running. REALbasic provides you with two primary means of storing and retrieving data that changes during program execution: variables and arrays. A variable provides your application with the capability to store data that may change while the application executes. Variables are logical pointers to locations in memory where data is stored. An array is an indexed list of related data. By providing the capability to store related data in collections, REALbasic equips you with a tool for storing and processing large amounts of data with relatively few programming statements, which makes for more efficient program code. REALbasic provides other options for working with data, including constants, dictionaries, and classes. Dictionaries and constants are covered in the sections Working with Dictionaries and Constants. To learn about classes, see Chapter 8.
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CHAPTER 5 STORING AND RETRIEVING APPLICATION DATA Figure 5-1. Embedding a note in a REALbasic application, as shown on Macintosh Property Comments REALbasic also provides you with the capability to document any properties you add to windows, classes, and modules. Properties are added by clicking the Add Property button or by clicking Project . Add . Property. As Figure 5-2 shows, you can add comments beneath any property by entering text in the data entry area beneath the property declaration data.
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136 CHAPTER 5 STORING AND RETRIEVING APPLICATION DATA All three comment statements are functionally equivalent. There is no advantage to using one type of comment over another. You can embed comments within your REALbasic applica tions using any of these options, as the following demonstrates. ‘Define a variable name blnAnswer with a data type of Boolean Dim blnAnswer As Boolean //Define a variable name blnAnswer with a data type of Boolean Dim blnAnswer As Boolean REM Define a variable name blnAnswer with a data ttype of Boolean Dim blnAnswer As Boolean REALbasic enables you to add comments to the end of statements, as the following shows. Dim blnAnswer As Boolean ‘Define a variable to store the user s choice Note If you have a number of consecutive code statements that you want to comment, you can do so by selecting these statements, and then clicking the Comment Command button located on the Code Editor toolbar or by clicking Edit . Comment. When you do so, REALbasic responds by adding a single-quote comment character to the beginning of each statement and changing the Comment Command button into the Uncomment Command button (Edit . Uncomment). Notes Another option of embedding comments directly into your applications is to add notes. A note is an item you can add in the browser window located in the Code Editor. Like regular comments, notes are not compiled and have no effect on application performance. The following procedure outlines the steps involved in adding a note to applications. 1. Open the Code Editor for the resource for which you want to add the note. 2. Click the Add Note button located on the Code Editor toolbar or click Project . Add . Note. 3. Enter a name for the Note in the Note Name field. 4. Enter your comments into the data entry area, as Figure 5-1 shows.
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CHAPTER 5 Storing and Retrieving Application Data As you develop more and more complex REALbasic applications, you will find yourself needing to collect, store, and process data during program execution. This chapter shows you a number of different ways that REALbasic enables you to store and manipulate application data. This includes learning how to work with variables, arrays, dictionaries, and constants. You also learn how to enhance your applications using a number of different techniques for embedding comments. Specifically, you learn how to Store and retrieve data in variables and arrays Work with different data types and convert data between them Set variable scope Adding Comments to Your Code Up to this point in the book, the sample applications you developed were relatively small and straightforward. However, as your applications grow, they will become more complex and more difficult to understand. One way to cope with this is by embedding comments and notes in your applications. This will be greatly appreciated by those who come along behind you to provide support and to modify your program code. REALbasic provides you with a number of different ways of embedding documentation within your applications, including comments, notes, and property comments. Comments Comments are text statements embedded within your applications that document your programming statements and logic. While visible to the programmer, comments are not compiled into REALbasic applications and have no impact on application performance. REALbasic provides you with a number of different ways to add comments to your applications, including single quotes (’), forward slashes (//), and the REM keyword.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS This statement uses a built-in REALbasic function called MsgBox to display a text message in a preformatted pop-up dialog window. Figure 4-24 demonstrates how the RBQuickNote looks when it s running. As you can see, it functions much like a simple text-entry application. Any text entered into it is displayed in blue and it can be minimized or maximized. By default, any files created by the application are assigned a file extension of .1st, which is a default file extension assigned by REALbasic. Figure 4-24. A demonstraton of the RBQuickNote application in action Testing RBQuickNote If you have not done so, go ahead and save your application. Name your application RBQuickNote. The application is now ready to compile. If any errors are flagged during compilation, then you probably made one or more typos entering code statements. Take a few moments to review the code statements and fix any typos you find. Summary In this chapter, you learned how to complete the development of your REALbasic application s user interface by adding menus, submenus, and menu items. You learned how to configure menus, submenus, and menu items by defining shortcuts. In addition, you learned how to define accelerator keys for applications that run on Windows and Linux. On top of all this, you learned how to visually organize menu items using separator bars, and how to reorganize menus and menu items using drag-and-drop. You also learned how to change menu items into menus. Finally, you learned how to trigger the execution of program code based on the selection of menu items.
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132 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS When executed, this statement tells REALbasic to clear out any currently displayed text in the application EditField control. Next, click the Add Menu Handler button again to add a new menu handler. Select the entry for the FileOpen menu item from the drop-down list for the MenuItem Name field and enter the following program statements. Dim f as FolderItem Dim TextInput as TextInputStream Window1.EditField1.Text= “” f = GetOpenFolderItem(”Application/Text”) If f <> nil Then TextInput = f.OpenAsTextFile Window1.EditField1.Text = TextInput.ReadAll End If Note To learn more about the basic file operations implemented in the RBQuickNote applications, see Chapter 9. These statements are responsible for creating a new empty file the user can use to create a new note. Next, click the Add Menu Handler button again to add another new menu handler. This time, select the entry for the FileSave menu item from the drop-down list for the MenuItem Name field and enter the following program statements. Dim f as FolderItem Dim TextStream As TextOutputStream f=GetSaveFolderItem(”Application/text”,”TextFile”) If f <> nil Then TextStream=f.CreateTextFile TextStream.WriteLine Window1.EditField1.Text TextStream.Close End If These statements are responsible for saving the note created by the user as a text file in whatever folder the user chooses to save them. Finally, click the Add Menu Handler button to add one last new menu handler. This time, select the entry for the HelpAbout menu item from the drop-down list for the MenuItem Name field and enter the following program statements. MsgBox”RBQuickNote Version 1.0 - 2006″
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS 131 Menu Help Menu Item EditSelectAll HelpAbout Text Property Select &All &About You do not have to add the FileQuit menu item on the File menu or any of the menu items for the Edit menu. REALbasic already added these menu items for you. In addition, you do not have to add any program code for these menu items as REALbasic has already provided everything these menu items need to do their job. At this point, the menu system for the RBQuickNote application is complete and should look like the example Figure 4-23 shows. Figure 4-23. The menu system for the RBQuickNote application Supplying Application Code All code for the RBQuickNote application is placed in four event handlers, one for each menu item you added to the File and Help menus. Begin by opening the MenuBar1 in the REALbasic MenuBar Editor and switching over to Code view. Next, click the Add a Menu Event Handler button located on the MenuBar Editor toolbar. A Menu Handler s entry is added to the left- hand browser area in the Menubar Editor; a single entry is displayed beneath it with a text property of untitled. By default, this entry is selected and the right-hand side of the Windows Editor is set up to accept the code statements you want to associate with this menu item. Select the entry for the FileClear menu item from the drop-down list for the MenuItem Name field and enter the following program statements. Window1.EditField1.Text = “”
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130 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Designing the User Interface The RBQuickNote application is a little different from the applications you previously created in that other than the menu bar, it has no interface controls except for a single EditField control, which provides the application with a multiline entry field for collecting user input. For the purpose of this application, the default window size of the Window1 window is fine and needn t be changed. Begin by adding an EditField control to Window1 and resize it, so it takes up the entire window. Next, change the following properties for the window and the EditField controls, as Table 4-3 shows. Table 4-3. Property Modifications for the RBQuickNote Application Object Property Value Window1 Title RBQuickNote Resizable Enabled MaximizeButton Enabled EditField1 LockLeft Enabled LockTop Enabled LockRight Enabled LockBottom Enabled Multiline Enabled TextColor &c0000FF The next step in creating the RBQuickNote is to create its menu system. Begin by double- clicking the menu bar item located on the Projects screen to open the Menubar Editor. At this point, you should see File and View menu. Modify the menu system for Menubar1 by adding the menu items you see in Table 4-4. Table 4-4. Menus and Menu Items for the RBQuickNote Application Menu Menu Item Text Property File FileOpen &Open FileSave &Save FileClear C&lear FileQuit E&xit Edit EditUndo &Undo EditCut Cu&t EditCopy &Copy EditPaste &Paste EditClear &Delete
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Creating a StickyPad Application To help solidify your understanding of how to create menu systems for your REALbasic applications, this section demonstrates how to create a new application called RBQuickNote. RBQuickNote is a small application that enables you to create and save small, sticky note-like files on your computer. For demonstration purposes, this application is created using the Linux version of REALbasic. However, you can use its source code to create a functional version of the application on both Macintosh and Windows. All the functionality of the RBQuickNote application is provided via its menu system, which consists of menu items located on File, Edit, and Help menus, as Figure 4-22 shows. Figure 4-22. The RBQuickNote application provides users with the capability to create and retrieve reminder notes and text documents. Note Starting in the next chapter and continuing throughout the rest of this book, you will begin learning the ins and outs of writing REALbasic code. For now, continue to key in code statements as instructed and take note of the brief explanations provided with each batch of code statements. As you progress through the remainder of this book, you may want to return and reexamine the program code included in this application.
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128 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Removing Menu and Menu Items If a menu or menu item is no longer needed, you can remove it from your application by selecting it and pressing Delete or by clicking Edit . Delete. Take care when deleting a menu because you also delete any submenus and menu items defined under it. Also, REALbasic does not delete any menu handler associated with a deleted menu item, so it s up to you to remember both to select and delete it. Customizing the Apple and Macintosh Menus As you already saw, application menus work a little differently on the Macintosh than they do on Windows and Linux. For starters, menus are not displayed on application windows on the Macintosh. Instead, menus are displayed at the top of the display area for the currently selected application. Differences also exist between the ways that menus look and operate on Macintosh Classic and Mac OS X. Specifically, on Macintosh Classic, an Apple menu is added to the left of the File menu. On Mac OS X, though, an application menu is added to the left of the File menu, but just to the right of the Apple menu. Note REALbasic displays the name of the application as the text value for the Application menu (for example, the name you specified as the application s name in the Mac Settings section of the APP item on the Project Editor. To add an menu item in the Application menu on Mac OS X, you begin by placing the menu item in the menu where you want it to appear on Windows, Linux, and Macintosh Classic (if you re going to compile the application for these OSs). You then change the Super property from the default value of MenuItem to PrefsMenuItem. The result is this: the new menu item appears in the menu where it was defined on Windows, Linux, and Macintosh Classic, but it is displayed on the Application menu on Mac OS X. You cannot add a menu item to the Apple menu on Mac OS X, but you can add it to the Macintosh Classic Apple menu. To do so, add the menu item where you want it to appear on Windows and Linux, and then change the Super property from the default value of MenuItem to AppleMenuItem. This results in the display of the menu item on the Macintosh Classic menu and the display of the menu item on the Application menu for Mac OS X. The menu item displays on the menu where you added it on Windows and Linux.
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