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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Moving Menus and Menu Items If, after you add a new menu, you decide you don t like its current location, you can move it. One way to accomplish this is to delete the menu and add it back at the desired location. You can also drag-and-drop the menu to a new location without having to delete and re-create it by using the following procedure. 1. Open the appropriate menu bar in the MenuBar Editor. 2. Select the menu you want to move and drag it to a different location. 3. A vertical bar appears, indicating the current insertion point. Drop the menu at the desired location. REALbasic also enables you to move menu items to different locations within the menu system. For example, the following procedure outlines the steps involved in moving a menu item from one location to another within the same menu. 1. Open the appropriate menu bar into the MenuBar Editor. 2. Select the menu where the menu item to be moved resides. 3. Select the menu item you want to move and drag it to a different location. 4. A horizontal bar appears, indicating the current insertion point. Drop the menu at the desired location. Converting Menu Items to Menus REALbasic also lets you convert a menu item into a new menu. This can come in handy when you make an enhancement to an application where you plan to expand on the capabilities provided by a given command. The following procedure outlines the steps involved in converting a menu item to a menu. 1. Open the appropriate menu bar in the MenuBar Editor. 2. Select the menu where the menu item currently resides. 3. Select the menu item, and then click the Convert to Menu button located on the Menubar Editor toolbar or click Project . Modify . Convert to Menu. 4. The menu item disappears and reappears as a new menu. Drag-and-drop the menu to the appropriate location.
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126 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Controlling Access to Menu Items By default, REALbasic automatically enables every menu item you add to a menu system. At times, though, you may want to prevent users from being able to click a particular menu item. You may want to disable a menu item to prevent the user from being able to click it at certain times during the execution of the application. For example, you may want to disable a menu item that enables the user to save a file as long as no file has been opened or as long as the user has not made any changes to an opened file. Later on, once the user has opened a file and made changes to it, you can programmatically enable the menu item. Note, a disabled menu item is still visible, but it is grayed out and cannot be selected. Note For a menu item to perform an action, you must associate program code with it. Until you do so, the menu item remains grayed out and the user is unable to select it. If a menu item should not be enabled when the application first starts, you should deselect its AutoEnable property. Later, at the appropriate time, you can programmatically enable the menu item, using a statement similar to the following: MenuHandlerName.AutoEnable = True In this statement, MenuHandlerName is a placeholder representing the name of the menu item you want to enable. The remainder of the statement simply instructs REALbasic to enable the menu item, enabling the user to select it. Tip When deselected (or set to False), a menu remains disabled until the user clicks the menu that contains it, at which time you can programmatically determine if it is appropriate to enable the menu item. For example, the Cut and Copy menu items on the Edit menu are only enabled when a selection has been made within an application. Enabling these menu items when nothing has been selected does not make sense. Reconfiguring Menu Organization REALbasic is extremely flexible in the manner in which it lets you build menus, and create submenus and menu items. REALbasic adds new menus just to the right of the currently selected menu and it adds new menu items just beneath the currently selected menu item. At times, though, you might decide you want to change the order in which your menus or menu items are presented. REALbasic makes it easy to move things around the want you want them.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Figure 4-20. Specify the menu for which you want to add code statements, as shown on Macintosh. 8. Enter the code statements to be executed when the user clicks the menu item in the text edit area, as Figure 4-21 shows. Figure 4-21. Enter the code statements associated with the specifed menu item, as shown on Macintosh. 9. Repeat steps 5 through 8 as many times as necessary to provide program code for each remaining menu item.
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124 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS The process of associating program code with individual menu items is relatively straightforward, as the following shows. 1. Finish building the menu system for your REALbasic application. 2. Open the Project Editor and assign the menu bar to a window by selecting the window, and then selecting the name of the appropriate menu bar from the drop-down list of property values associated with the MenuBar property. 3. Double-click the specified window in the Project Editor to open it. 4. Click the Code View icon located on the far left-hand side of the Windows Editor toolbar. 5. To add code to your application for each menu item, add a menu event handler. This enables you to associate specific code statements with specific menu items. Click the Add Menu Handler button located on the Windows Editor toolbar. Note A menu handler is a collection of code statements executed whenever you click an enabled menu item. 6. The entry of a menu handler is displayed in the left-hand browser area, with a single entry underneath it. By default, this entry is selected and the right-hand side of the Windows Editor displays a new procedure, as Figure 4-19 shows. Figure 4-19. Adding a menu handler to your REALbasic application, as shown on Macintosh 7. Select the name of a menu item from the drop-down list for the MenuItem Name field, as you see in Figure 4-20.
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CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS Accelerator keys are identified by the presence of an underscore character somewhere in the text of the menu, submenu, or menu item. For example, the letter F is generally used as the accelerator key for the File menu and is displayed as File. When the user presses the Alt key, and then presses the F key, an application displays the contents of its File menu. Once displayed, the user can access any of the submenus of menu items located under that menu by continuing to press the Alt key, and then press the accelerator key assigned to the submenu or menu item. Using accelerator keys, a user may access any part of an application s menu system without ever touching their mouse. Figure 4-18, shows how accelerator keys are implemented in a typical Windows application. Figure 4-18. Examining the accelerator key provided on the File menu of Microsoft s Notepad application Accelerator keys are specified by placing an ampersand (&) character in the Text property belonging to a menu, submenu, or menu item. For example, to assign an accelerator key of B for a menu item that has a Text value of Background, you would place the ampersand character just at the beginning of the word, as the following shows. 1. Finish building the menu system for your REALbasic application. 2. Select the menu where the menu items reside. 3. Select the menu item and locate its Text property. 4. Add the ampersand (&) character to the beginning of the specified value. 5. Press Enter or Return. The results should be immediately visible. Using Menu Items to Trigger Command and Code Execution Once you finish putting together your application s menu system, you need to associate program code statements with each menu item to make the menu functional. Users can then activate menus and execute associated programming statements by clicking the appropriate menu item.
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122 CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH REALBASIC MENUS FOLLOW ACCEPTED DESIGN CONVENTIONS Today s computer users have become sophisticated and demanding, so it s critical that your applications measure up to their expectations. One expectation most users have is that their applications follow a predictable design pattern. This means, among other things, that an application s menu system presents its menus in the manner they expect. For example, menu headings should be labeled File, Edit, and Help, not Document, Modify, and Assistance. In addition, users expect to see certain features on certain menus. For example, the File menu should contain menu items for opening and closing files. Putting these menu items under a different menu can frustrate and confuse users. Also important is that your menus and menu items include shortcuts, where appropriate, and that you follow standards appropriate for naming your shortcuts as appropriate for each OS where your applications will run. For example, if your application provides users with the capability to select and copy data, then your users will expect to see a Copy menu item located under an Edit menu. In addition, Macintosh users will expect your application to provide a Command+C shortcut. Likewise, Windows and Linux users will expect to see a Ctrl+C shortcut. If you fail to provide a shortcut or you assign a different shortcut key, you run the risk of missing your users expectations. To help provide you with some guidance, Table 4-2 provides a listing of shortcut key definitions that represent common application-shortcut standards. Table 4-2. Recommended Reserved Operating System Shortcut Keys Menu Macintosh Windows Linux Command Description File z-N Ctrl+N Ctrl+N New Create a new file z-O Ctrl+O Ctrl+O Open Open an existing file z-W Ctrl+W Ctrl+W Close Close a file z-S Ctrl+S Ctrl+S Save Save a file z-P Ctrl+P Ctrl+P Print Print a file z-Q Ctrl+Q Ctrl+Q Quit Close the application Edit z-Z Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Z Undo Undo a previous operation or command z-X Ctrl+X Ctrl+X Cut Remove selected data; place on clipboard z-C Ctrl+C Ctrl+C Copy Copy selected data; place on clipboard z-V Ctrl+V Ctrl+V Paste Copy data from clipboard to insertion point z-A Ctrl+A Ctrl+A Select All Select all data z-Period Esc Esc Terminate Terminate the current operation z-M Ctrl+M Ctrl+M Minimize Minimize the window
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